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History of antibiotics
Pre-antibiotics
Ancient cultures used plants, moulds and soil to treat bacterial infections. Tetracycline – a natural chemical compound later discovered and patented as an oral antibiotic in 1948 – has been found in human skeletal remains in Egypt and the Sudan that are around 1,500 years old. Quisque ut feugiat leo. Praesent feugiat odio vitae mollis fringilla las.
In ancient Greece, Egypt, and China, mouldy bread was pressed onto wounds to prevent infection.
Now scientists know that the active chemicals and metabolites present in early treatments meant that they were occasionally effective. For example, the moulds on bread produced antimicrobial substances.
Miasma theory
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1546: Germ theory
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1928 title
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1930s title
Ancient cultures used plants, moulds and soil to treat bacterial infections. Tetracycline – a natural chemical compound later discovered and patented as an oral antibiotic in 1948 – has been found in human skeletal remains in Egypt and the Sudan that are around 1,500 years old.
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Cancer treatment can be as complex and varied as the disease itself. Even when a patient successfully completes treatment, with most cancers there is still a risk of it returning. When this happens, it is important to detect it as early as possible.
One way to facilitate early detection is with personalised medicine. Healthcare providers can take this approach by evaluating specific genetic or biomarker information, lifestyle, and other health considerations unique to the patient to make treatment decisions. For example, understanding if a patient has a genetic mutation that predisposes them to developing certain cancers could be helpful to doctors and could potentially help detect recurrence earlier.
Today, researchers are exploring a new frontier of personalised medicine with circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) technology, which could help doctors identify when a patient's cancer has returned ahead of traditional methods.
What is ctDNA?
As a tumour grows, it mutates, as cells die and are replaced by new ones. The dead cancer cells are broken down and their contents, including DNA, are released into the blood. The DNA from tumour cells that circulates in the bloodstream is called ctDNA. The presence of ctDNA in a blood sample may mean that cancerous cells are actively growing.1
Personalised ctDNA technology works by identifying mutations specfic to a patient’s tumour, then developing a customised blood test for each patient. By taking a blood sample and detecting ctDNA, care providers can potentially detect disease earlier, compared to more traditional means of cancer detection such as imaging.234
The blood test is also relatively non-invasive compared to repeated tumour biopsies, which can have a bigger impact on patients’ lives. Additionally, there are some ctDNA technologies that do not require an initial tumour sample and we are studying these technologies closely to assess their use in the future.4
How can ctDNA help advance cancer treatment?
Even following successful completion of treatment, many cancers are likely to recur. Because of this, patients with certain forms of cancer are sometimes advised to move forward with “watchful waiting” and/or monitoring visits following standard of care treatment. Unfortunately, despite close monitoring, a cancer recurrence may already have spread to other parts of the body by the time it is detected by usual clinical tools.
However, by using ctDNA technology, we will aim to fill this monitoring 'gap’ by detecting cancer when it is considered “pre-metastatic”. Pre-metastatic cancers are tumours that occur in a specific area of the body before the cancer spreads. By using ctDNA to identify the presence of tumour cells at the molecular level in the patient’s blood, when the burden of disease is still low and the cancer has not spread to other parts of the body, we can try to get ahead of cancer by detecting and treating the cancer earlier.
Figures Module
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Tests Done
75% -
Up for Grabs
£150.000 -
Countries
196
Innovation is the beating heart of our business – mRNA vaccine technology is one tool of a range we have in our vaccine toolbox. Applying our knowledge and expertise in vaccines over many decades, we are working to create new vaccines for many diseases that still threaten individuals, families, and communities around the world.
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People worldwide
70k -
Countries we operate in
>75k -
Manufacturing sites
37
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R&D investment in 2023 (£)
6.2bn -
4
Global R&D in US, UK, Belgium and Italy
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6
Major business development deals in 2023
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Packs of medicines and doses of vaccines delivered
2.3bn -
Vaccine and medicine sales in 2023 (£)
30.3bn -
Sales of products launched in the last 5 years including lifecycle innovation (£)
10.0bn -
Sales growth in 2023
14%
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In the Access to Medicine Index
1st -
In our industry for the S&P Global Corporate Sustainability Assessment
1st -
Global Health pipeline assets progressed to address priority WHO Diseases
12 -
Reduction in Operational Carbon emissions
10%
Read related (dictionary)
Dominique started his career as a General Practitioner in France. He joined GSK in 19961 from Ciba Geigy, where he held various marketing and management positions. In 2000, Dominique was appointed General Manager of GSK France. He then became SVP, Southern & Eastern Europe Area Director and then Head of GSK Personalised Medicine Strategy.
Deborah joined GSK in 19962 and is3 currently4 SVP Primary Care in US Pharmaceuticals,5 prior to which she led the US6 Vaccines business. She7 brings a wealth of experience to ViiV8 Healthcare9 having lived and worked in Europe10, Asia11 and the USA12 and a strong13 track record of performance in both14 specialty and primary care. She led the HIV15 business in the UK16 before heading the HIV Centre of Excellence for Pharma17 Europe, and held international roles as General Manager of Australia18 and New Zealand19 and SVP Central and Eastern Europe.
Andrew Witty, Chief Executive Officer, GSK, said: “I want to thank Dominique for the success achieved under his leadership. Since he became CEO of ViiV Healthcare at its creation seven years ago20, the business has successfully launched new medicines, established an innovative pipeline and built a strong reputation with healthcare professionals and the HIV community. With these foundations in place, Dominique leaves ViiV Healthcare in a great position. Emma21 and I are delighted that Deborah22 will be his successor. She is a dynamic leader who has a real passion to deliver for patients and customers and we are confident that she will continue to develop the business successfully to make a difference for people living with HIV, their families and society as a whole.”
Dominique Limet said: “Establishing23 and then leading ViiV Healthcare for the past seven years has been an incredible honour and extremely fulfilling personally. I have had the pleasure to work with an exceptional team and am proud of how the business has grown to its current position as a leader in HIV therapy. We have delivered scientific innovation, while listening and better understanding the needs of people living with HIV, allowing us to both do good and do well as a business. The future looks extremely promising for ViiV Healthcare.”
David Redfern24, Chairman of ViiV Healthcare, said: “Dominique has been an outstanding leader of ViiV Healthcare. He has helped to create an entirely new company at the forefront of HIV research and treatment development, with a culture that both inspires and delivers strong business performance. I have very much enjoyed working with him and wish him the very best for the future25.
I also look forward to working with Deborah, a leader who is known for listening to the customer and to her teams, and someone I know is very passionate about innovation in HIV therapy and access.”
Deborah Waterhouse said: “ViiV Healthcare26 has an impeccable reputation for strong performance and a culture that thrives on challenge. I’m honoured to have the opportunity to lead such an exciting endeavour, and to build on the advances that Dominique and the ViiV Healthcare organisation have made to HIV treatment and care.”
Cheryl MacDiarmid2728 29has been appointed to succeed Deborah as SVP US Pharmaceuticals Primary Care. Cheryl has served as VP US Primary Care Sales since early 2015 and been instrumental in shaping the US Primary Care strategy, delivering performance and renewing the culture of patient and customer focus. She brings 20 years of deep experience in establishing key brands and building businesses in the US and Canada, and is known for creating and leading engaged, high-performing teams.
GSK30 – one of the world’s leading research-based pharmaceutical and healthcare companies – is committed to improving the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. For further information please visit www.gsk.com.
ViiV Healthcare - a global specialist HIV company established in November 2009 by GlaxoSmithKline (LSE: GSK) and Pfizer (NYSE: PFE) dedicated to delivering advances in treatment and care for people living with HIV. Shionogi joined in October 2012. The company’s aim is to take a deeper and broader interest in HIV/AIDS than any company has done before and take a new approach to deliver effective and new HIV medicines, as well as support communities affected by HIV.
For more information on the company, its management, portfolio, pipeline, and commitment, please visit www.viivhealthcare.com.
Cautionary statement regarding forward-looking statements
GSK cautions investors that any forward-looking statements or projections made by GSK, including those made in this announcement, are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. Such factors include, but are not limited to, those described under Item 3.D 'Risk factors' in the company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for 2015.
Title
- Savic M, Penders Y, Shi T, Branche A, Pirçon J-Y. Respiratory syncytial virus disease burden in adults aged 60 years and older in high-income countries: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis, Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022 2023; 17:e13031
- Falsey, AR et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults, in New Engl J Med 2005; 352:1749-59
- Richard Osei-Yeboah et al, Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalisation in adults with comorbidities in two European countries, PROMISE investigators, preprint, August 2023
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